The Treaty With China, its Provisions Explained New York Tribune, Tuesday, August 28, 1868 — Themes and Context

The Treaty as a Stage for Irony

Twain's diction oscillates between legal precision and colloquial dismissal. He refers to surplusage in legal phrase, then undercuts the treaty's gravity by calling its ornamental closing sentence 'a wealth of stucco' on a 'stately temple.' This architectural metaphor reduces the document to a facade. He also employs dramatic irony: the reader knows that Twain's professed bewilderment at Chinese naturalization—'startling and disagreeable'—is a satirical mask. His claim that he has 'become reconciled' to black citizenship and is now 'ready for all comers' mimics the language of reluctant concession, exposing the arbitrariness of racial hierarchies.

Portraying Chinese Communities Through Detail

Twain's description of San Francisco's Chinatown is dense with sensory specifics: a 'hideous idol in a gorgeous temple,' a theater where the orchestra sits onstage drinking tea, and fiddles with two strings that inflict 'exquisite torture.' He notes that theatrical dresses are finer than those in The Black Crook, a popular burlesque, and that the plays' immorality matches that standard. These details serve a dual purpose: they satisfy curiosity about an unfamiliar culture while reinforcing stereotypes. Yet Twain also catalogs virtues—industry, sobriety, thrift—and concludes that even the 'lowest class' compares favorably with other immigrants. The passage is a study in ambivalence, blending ethnographic reportage with ironic distance.

The Rhetoric of Naturalization and Citizenship

Twain frames the treaty's naturalization clause as a political bargaining chip. He recounts that the Senate knew the 'broadest meaning' of Article 6 and voted for it, but that a closing sentence was added solely to satisfy one senator—a sentence that 'don't mean anything whatever under the sun.' This anecdote underscores Twain's view of treaty-making as theater. His subsequent reflection on Chinese citizenship moves from personal discomfort ('almost appalling') to grudging acceptance, using the same rhetorical structure he applied to African American citizenship. The parallel is deliberate: by linking the two debates, Twain exposes the arbitrariness of exclusionary laws.

Economic Observations and Moral Judgments

Twain devotes considerable space to Chinese economic practices, noting that remittances to China amount to half a million dollars a month. He praises Chinese workers for being 'never idle a week at a time' and for possessing the 'barbarous faculty of minding their own business.' The irony is palpable: what Twain calls barbarous—self-sufficiency and discretion—are precisely the qualities that American nativists found threatening. He also describes their resourcefulness in salvaging tin from discarded cans and making manure from waste. These observations serve as implicit rebuttals to charges that Chinese immigrants were a drain on society, though Twain never states this directly.

Twain's article rewards attention to its layered voice: the ostensible explicator who keeps winking at the reader. Readers should watch for moments where legal language gives way to anecdote, and where praise for Chinese industry sits uneasily alongside caricature. The piece is best approached as a performance of ambivalence—a writer using the treaty as a mirror for American contradictions.